GPRS Architecture

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) circuit-switch architecture does not support the GPRS packet-switch architecture. Thus, GPRS requires its own network architecture. Several networks and databases e.g. Mobile Station (MS), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR) in existing GSM network are modified in GPRS network.

GPRS architecture introduces the following network nodes to GSM architecture.

• Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
• Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
• Mobile Station (MS)
• Base Station System (BSS)
• Home Location Register (HLR)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)

1.Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): In GPRS network SGSN is equivalent to MSC. Packets of data between MSC and Public Switch Data Network (PSDN) are transferred and received by SGSN.

2.Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): GSM databases e.g. HLR and VLR are supported by GGSN. It also interacts with external packet-switch networks.

3.Mobile Station (MS): In GPRS network MS consists of Mobile Terminal (MT) and Terminal Equipment (TE). A computer attached to MT is called a ME. Through air, MT communicates with the BSS.

4.Base Station System (BSS): In BSS, Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) are modified to support GPRS channel coding schemes BTS is modified while to forward calls to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) and data to SGSN through Packet Control Unit (PCU), is supported by BSC. One SGSN is served by one BSC.

5.Home Location Register (HLR): In GPRS, HLR contains information about routing. To map an MS to one or more GGSNs, update the SGSN and to store the Internet Protocol (IP) address, this information is accessed by both SGSN and GGSN.

6.Visitor Location Register (VLR): In GPRS. VLR contains the SGSN number and this number indicates the MS currently served by the SGSN.

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GPRS Interfaces

Different interfaces are used for routing between network nodes in GPRS.

• Um interface provides communication between MS and BSS.
• Gb interface provides connection between BSS and SGSN.
• Gn interface provides connection between SGSN and GGSN within the same GPRS network.
• Gp interface provides connection between SGSN and GGSN when they are in different GPRS network.
• Gi interface provides connection between GGSN and external networks.
• Gs interface provides communication between MSC and SGSN.

GPRS functional Groups

The functions which are defined in GPRS are following.

• Network access function: Point to point data transfer, registration of MS with packet data protocols, radio resources for MS communication and charging information about packet transmission, is provided by this function.
• Packet routing and transfer function: Routing of data between an MS and destination, conversion of GPRS address to external address and forwarding of packets between an MS and GGSN, is provided by this function.
• Logical link management function: The communication between an MS and the GSM network is maintained by it.
• Radio resources management function: Radio communication paths are allocated by it.
• Mobility management function: Current location of an MS is kept by it. When an MS is entered to a new area, all routing and location in formations are also updated by it.
• Network management function: If provides mechanisms to support network functions related to GPRS.

Advantages
The major advantage of GPRS is that, to access data no dial-up
connection is required. It is an inexpensive mobile data service as
compared to Short Message Service (SMS) in GSM

Follow the given points to access the banned website:
Technique 1: Search the banned website, for example www.computerfreetips.com in Google and yahoo search engine then open the cached copy of that page to access the website. You can get also cache link of that website, if you search in Google with keyword cache:URL name and get cache link to access the website.

Technique 2: Another method to access the banned website using its IP address, because you can open the website with IP address instead of actual URL name. This technique bypasses the URL based restrictions. For example if www.myspace.com is banned in your school, you can open it using IP address 216.178.32.51. You can search online IP conversion tools to get IP address of any website.

Technique 3: There are some mini web browsers can help you to open the banned websites, for example Opera Mini Browser, install it and try to open any banned website. Another Real Player browser can successfully help you to access the banned website. This Real Player browser bypasses the many restrictions of website banned tools.

Technique 4: There any many websites Anonymizer tools are available to fetch the banned website. These anonymous surfing tools that protect your identity on the internet and give the access to banned sites. As far as the service provider is concerned you are viewing a page from Anonymizer and not the blocked site.

These tips are very useful to access the banned websites in your university, cybercafe ,office and other public places.

others

[ Read = r write = w execute = x ] [ owner = u group = g other = o ]

[root@pc1  ~] #  Ls  -Ld  /disk

1= nature of object [d=dir -=file L=link]

2= first three permission for owner [ rwx ]

3= second three permission for group members [ r-x]

4= third three permission for others [r-x]

5= number of inodes contain by this directory

6= owner of directory

7= group of directory

8= size of directory

9= creating date of object

10= name of object

[root@pc1  ~] #   Ls  -L  /disk

Drwxr-xr – x   2   root   root   4096   Jan   1   1988   dir1

Drwxr-xr – x   2   root   root   4096   Jan   1   1988   dir2

Drwxr-xr – x   2   root   root   4096   Jan   1   1988   dir3

Changing permission = give write permission to other on /disk

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  0+w  /disk

Give read write and execute permission for group on /disk

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  g+rwx  /disk

Assigning read writ and execute permission to user, group and other with single command

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod    u+rwx , g+rwx, o – rwx  /disk

Assigning different permission with different commands which separate with semicolon

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod   u+rwx   /disk  ;  chmod  g+rwx   /disk  ;  chmod  0+rx  /disk

Using number system =—– [ Read = 4 ] [ Write = 2 ] [ Execute = 1 ]

rwx=7

r-x=5

—=0

Assigning full permission to owner and no permission for group and others

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  700 /disk

Assigning full permission for owner and group no permission for other

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  700 /disk

Assigning full permission to all

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  777 /disk

Assigning full permission for owner and read, and execute for group and others

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  755 /disk

Assigning no permission for all

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  000 /disk

Assigning sticky bit permission for other

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  o+t   /disk

Assigning suid permission for owner

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  u+s  /disk

Assigning sgid permission for group

[root@pc1  ~] #   chmod  g+s  /disk

/bin          All commands which are used by normal users

/etc          System conf files

/var          Server data logs Mail proxy cache

/dev         All devices name stored in /dev

/sbin        All commands which are used by supper user

/boot        Linux kernel ( vmlinuz , initrd ) Grub directory

/usr          All gui tools installed in /usr

/proc       System information’s ( picture of RAM )

/home     User’s home dir’s

/tmp        Temporary files

/media      Auto mounted devices mount point in /media

1. SQL Client Configuration – cliconfg

2. System Configuration Editor – sysedit

3. System Configuration Utility – msconfig

4. System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)- sfc /scannow

5. System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot)- sfc /scanonce

6. System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) – sfc /scanboot

7. System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting)- sfc /revert

8. System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)- sfc /purgecache

9. System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)-sfc/cachesize=x

10. System Information – msinfo32.//
    //

11. Task Manager – taskmgr

12. System Properties – sysdm.cpl

13. Task Manager – taskmgr

14. TCP Tester – tcptest

15. Telnet Client – telnet

16. Tweak UI (if installed) – tweakui

17. User Account Management- nusrmgr.cpl

18. Utility Manager – utilman

19. Windows Address Book – wab

20. Windows Address Book Import Utility – wabmig

21. Windows Backup Utility (if installed)- ntbackup

22. Windows Explorer – explorer

23. Windows Firewall- firewall.cpl

24. Windows Magnifier- magnify

25. Windows Management Infrastructure – wmimgmt.msc

26. Windows Media Player – wmplayer

27. Windows Messenger – msmsgs

28. Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected)- wiaacmgr

29. Windows System Security Tool – syskey

30. Windows Update Launches – wupdmgr

31. Windows Version (to show which version of windows)- winver

32. Windows XP Tour Wizard – tourstart

33. Wordpad – write

34. Password Properties – password.cpl

35. Performance Monitor – perfmon.msc

36. Phone and Modem Options – telephon.cpl

37. Phone Dialer – dialer

38. Pinball Game – pinball

39. Power Configuration – powercfg.cpl

40. Printers and Faxes – control printers

41. Printers Folder – printers

42. Private Character Editor – eudcedit

43. Quicktime (If Installed)- QuickTime.cpl

44. Real Player (if installed)- realplay

45. Regional Settings – intl.cpl

46. Registry Editor – regedit

47. Registry Editor – regedit32

48. Remote Access Phonebook – rasphone

49. Remote Desktop – mstsc

50. Removable Storage – ntmsmgr.msc

51. Removable Storage Operator Requests – ntmsoprq.msc

52. Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) – rsop.msc

53. Scanners and Cameras – sticpl.cpl

54. Scheduled Tasks – control schedtasks

55. Security Center – wscui.cpl

56. Services – services.msc

57. Shared Folders – fsmgmt.msc

58. Shuts Down Windows – shutdown

59. Sounds and Audio – mmsys.cpl

60. Spider Solitare Card Game – spider

61. Malicious Software Removal Tool – mrt

62. Microsoft Access (if installed) – access.cpl

63. Microsoft Chat – winchat

64. Microsoft Excel (if installed) – excel

65. Microsoft Frontpage (if installed)- frontpg

66. Microsoft Movie Maker – moviemk

67. Microsoft Paint – mspaint

68. Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed)- powerpnt

69. Microsoft Word (if installed)- winword

70. Microsoft Syncronization Tool – mobsync

71. Minesweeper Game – winmine

72. Mouse Properties – control mouse

73. Mouse Properties – main.cpl

74. Nero (if installed)- nero

75. Netmeeting – conf

76. Network Connections – control netconnections

77. Network Connections – ncpa.cpl

78. Network Setup Wizard – netsetup.cpl

79. Notepad – notepad

80. Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed)- nvtuicpl.cpl

81. Object Packager – packager

82. ODBC Data Source Administrator- odbccp32.cpl

83. On Screen Keyboard – osk

84. Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) – ac3filter.cpl

85. Outlook Express – msimn

86. Paint – pbrush

87. Keyboard Properties – control keyboard

88. IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) – ipconfi/all

89. IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /displaydns

90. IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /flushdns

91. IP Configuration (Release All Connections)- ipconfig /release

92. IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)- ipconfig /renew

93. IP Configuration(RefreshesDHCP&Re-RegistersDNS)-ipconfig/registerdns

94. IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig/showclassid

95. IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig /setclassid

96. Java Control Panel (If Installed)- jpicpl32.cpl

97. Java Control Panel (If Installed)- javaws

98. Local Security Settings – secpol.msc

99. Local Users and Groups – lusrmgr.msc

100. Logs You Out Of Windows – logoff…..

101. Accessibility Controls – access.cpl

102. Accessibility Wizard – accwiz

103. Add Hardware – Wizardhdwwiz.cpl

104. Add/Remove Programs – appwiz.cpl

105. Administrative Tools control – admintools

106. Adobe Acrobat (if installed) – acrobat

107. Adobe Designer (if installed)- acrodist

108. Adobe Distiller (if installed)- acrodist

109. Adobe ImageReady (if installed)- imageready

110. Adobe Photoshop (if installed)- photoshop

111. Automatic Updates – wuaucpl.cpl

112. Bluetooth Transfer Wizard – fsquirt

113. Calculator – calc

114. Certificate Manager – certmgr.msc

115. Character Map – charmap

116. Check Disk Utility – chkdsk

117. Clipboard Viewer – clipbrd

118. Command Prompt – cmd

119. Component Services – dcomcnfg

120. Computer Management – compmgmt.msc

121. Control Panel – control

122. Date and Time Properties – timedate.cpl

123. DDE Shares – ddeshare

124. Device Manager – devmgmt.msc

125. Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)- directx.cpl

126. Direct X Troubleshooter- dxdiag

127. Disk Cleanup Utility- cleanmgr

128. Disk Defragment- dfrg.msc

129. Disk Management- diskmgmt.msc

130. Disk Partition Manager- diskpart

131. Display Properties- control desktop

132. Display Properties- desk.cpl

133. Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)- control color

134. Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility- drwtsn32

135. Driver Verifier Utility- verifier

136. Event Viewer- eventvwr.msc

137. Files and Settings Transfer Tool- migwiz

138. File Signature Verification Tool- sigverif

139. Findfast- findfast.cpl

140. Firefox (if installed)- firefox

141. Folders Properties- control folders

142. Fonts- control fonts

143. Fonts Folder- fonts

144. Free Cell Card Game- freecell

145. Game Controllers- joy.cpl

146. Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)- gpedit.msc

147. Hearts Card Game- mshearts

148. Help and Support- helpctr

149. HyperTerminal- hypertrm

150. Iexpress Wizard- iexpress

151. Indexing Service- ciadv.msc

152. Internet Connection Wizard- icwconn1

153. Internet Explorer- iexplore

154. Internet Setup Wizard- inetwiz

155. Internet Properties- inetcpl.cpl

Nero

Download Free Nero 9 Software

Download link for free edition of Nero 9 software

If your requirement is more than just burning discs you can opt for a paid version.

The free disc burning software is compatible with Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7.

Yahoo! yesterday revealed its beta version of latest Yahoo Messenger 10, the new version features various code improvements with main focus on enhanced video calling with support for full screen video calling  and social media integration , you will be able to get updates from your friends twitter account on your Yahoo Messenger.

New Improvements and features:

• High quality video with synchronized voice support
• Y! Updates for Contacts
• New Icons
• All New Yahoo Insider
• Bug Fixes

The new Yahoo Messenger 10 Beta is compatible with Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7, a Mac version is also available here

Download Windows Version of Yahoo Messenger 10 Beta

Download Yahoo Messenger Web Interface Installer

Direct Download link for Yahoo Messenger 10 Beta

Nokia forays into the Netbook world with its new sleek Nokia Booklet 3G featuring the current hot Intel Atom processor

with main USP being its 12 hour battery life, HDMI Port and A-GPS. The ‘Nokia Netbook‘ is also HD capable and weighs only 1.25 KG and is durable as any other Nokia products.

Nokia Booklet 3G Feature List:

• Intel Atom Processor
• 10.1 inch Glass Display: HD Ready
• 12 Hour Battery Life
• 160 GB HDD
• 3G/HSPDA/Bluetooth, Card reader
• HDMI Port
• Webcam
• Wi-FI and A-GPS
• 1.25 KG Weight
• Windows 7

This would be the most complete Netbook and its 12 hour battery and Nokia reliability will make this Netbook tick among consumers. Launch is expected on September 2 at Nokia World 09.

Price of Nokia Booklet 3G is expected to be around $800

Did Nokia missed any feature?, let us know in comments

The attack gives hackers a way to read encrypted traffic sent between computers and certain types of routers that use the WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) encryption system. The attack was developed by Toshihiro Ohigashi of Hiroshima University and Masakatu Morii of Kobe University, who plan to discuss further details at a technical conference set for Sept. 25 in Hiroshima.

Last November, security researchers first showed how WPA could be broken, but the Japanese researchers have taken the attack to a new level, according to Dragos Ruiu, organizer of the PacSec security conference where the first WPA hack was demonstrated. “They took this stuff which was fairly theoretical and they’ve made it much more practical,” he said.

They Japanese researchers discuss their attack in a paper presented at the Joint Workshop on Information Security, held in Kaohsiung, Taiwan earlier this month.

The earlier attack, developed by researchers Martin Beck and Erik Tews, worked on a smaller range of WPA devices and took between 12 and 15 minutes to work. Both attacks work only on WPA systems that use the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) algorithm. They do not work on newer WPA 2 devices or on WPA systems that use the stronger Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm.

The encryption systems used by wireless routers have a long history of security problems. The Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) system, introduced in 1997, was cracked just a few years later and is now considered to be completely insecure by security experts.

WPA with TKIP “was developed as kind of an interim encryption method as Wi-Fi security was evolving several years ago,” said Kelly Davis-Felner, marketing director with the Wi-Fi Alliance, the industry group that certifies Wi-Fi devices. People should now use WPA 2, she said.

Wi-Fi-certified products have had to support WPA 2 since March 2006. “There’s certainly a decent amount of WPA with TKIP out in the installed base today, but a better alternative has been out for a long time,” Davis-Felner said.

Enterprise Wi-Fi networks typically include security software that would detect the type of man-in-the-middle attack described by the Japanese researchers, said Robert Graham, CEO of Errata Security. But the development of the first really practical attack against WPA should give people a reason to dump WPA with TKIP, he said. “It’s not as bad as WEP, but it’s also certainly bad.”

Users can change from TKIP to AES encryption using the administrative interface on many WPA routers.

Windows 7 Family Pack, which offers the ability to upgrade from one version of Windows to Windows 7 on three PCs for a discounted price, is available for pre-order on several online retailer Web sites, including eCOST.com and Provantage, for $146.99 and $140.31, respectively.

Microsoft previously said the limited-time offer, which is available until supplies last, would be available for pre-order for $149.99 on Oct. 18 and then generally available on Oct. 22, the official worldwide release date of Windows 7.

The Family Pack allows users to install Windows 7 Home Premium for a reduced price on up to three PCs in a household that already has a version of Windows installed.

Microsoft originally said Family Pack would only be available in North America. However, earlier this week the company extended its release to eight countries in Europe — U.K., Ireland, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands and Sweden — because of its decision to release Windows 7 with Internet Explorer 8 installed in those countries.

Previously, Microsoft had said it would offer a Windows 7 E version of the OS without IE 8 as a remedy stemming from the European Commission’s antitrust suit against the company. The company recently changed its mind and said it would pre-install IE8 on Windows 7 in Europe but give customers a ballot-screen allowing them to choose to install a competing browser if they like. Windows 7 E was not going to have a browser, so a user would have to do a clean install of the new OS rather than upgrade from a previous version of Windows to ensure no browser was installed during the process.

Both upgrades and full versions of Windows 7 have been available for pre-order on Amazon.com since July.